睾丸癌

定义

睾丸癌 is a growth of 癌症 cells in one or both testicles. The testicles are a pair of male sex glands. They make and store sperm and male hormones. 睾丸癌的类型包括:

• 精原细胞瘤
• Non-seminomas (embryonal cell carcinoma, teratomas, and choriocarcinoma)
• 间质细胞瘤

原因

Cancer occurs when cells in the body divide without control or order. 它们会长成肿瘤. These growths can invade nearby tissue and can later spread to other areas of the body.

It is not clear what the exact cause is. 遗传s and environment may both play a role.

风险因素

睾丸癌 is more common in men aged 25 to 35. Other things that may increase your chance of testicular 癌症 are:

• 过去的健康问题，例如:
  • 未降到阴囊的睾丸
  • 个人睾丸癌病史
  • 艾滋病毒 感染
• Family history of testicular 癌症—highest risk if father or brother
• 遗传健康问题，例如:
  • Klinefelter综合症
  • 唐氏综合症

未降到阴囊的睾丸

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症状

睾丸癌可能导致:

• A painless lump or swelling in either testicle
• Swelling of a testicle or change in the way it feels
• 阴囊有沉重感
• A dull ache in the lower belly or groin
• Sudden appearance of fluid in the scrotum
• Pain or discomfort in a testicle or in the scrotum
• 腰痛
• 乳房的生长 不是因为体重增加

早期诊断将改善预后. Your doctor may do testicular exams at check ups. 他们也会谈论 自我检查 查找任何更改. Changes should be checked out by a doctor.

诊断

The doctor will ask about your 症状 and past health. 会做一次身体检查. 你的医生可能会下令:

• 血液测试
• Ultrasound—to find or examine growths
• 活组织检查—small piece of tissue is removed and looked at in lab

More tests may be done once 癌症 is found:

• CT扫描
• 胸部x光片
• 核磁共振成像扫描
• PET扫描

The tests will help to find the type and stage of 癌症. Staging is used to guide a treatment plan. 睾丸癌是1到3期. Stage 1 癌症 is only in local tissue. Stage III 癌症 has spread to other parts of the body.

治疗

Cancer treatment will be based on the stage and type of 癌症. The plan will often have more than one type of therapy. 步骤可能包括:

手术

The goal is to remove as much 癌症 as possible. Some local healthy tissue may also be removed. Lymph nodes in the area may also need to be removed. 他们可能会接受癌症检测. More nodes may be removed if 癌症 is found in the nodes.

放射治疗

放射治疗 will kill 癌症 cells and shrink tumors. It may be used on the area after surgery. It can help to kill any 癌症 cells that could not be seen. It may also be used to treat tumors that are causing problems but cannot be removed with surgery.

化疗

化疗 is the use of drugs to kill 癌症 cells. It may be given as pills, injections, or by IV. 药物在体内流通. The drugs targets 癌症 cells, but some healthy cells can be damaged as well. It may be used along with radiation therapy for some types of testicular 癌症s. It may also be used for 癌症 that has spread.

治疗 can cause fertility problems. Sperm banking and other treatments may help.

治疗 can cause fertility problems. Sperm banking and other treatments may help.

预防

There are no steps for testicular 预防 in most men.

参考文献

• General information about testicular 癌症. 国家癌症研究所网站. 可以在: http://www.癌症.gov/types/testicular/patient/testicular-treatment-pdq. 2016年7月7日更新. 于2019年12月4日发布.
• 汉娜NH，艾因霍恩LH. 睾丸癌--discoveries and updates. [英]医学. 2014 11月20日;371(21):2005-2016
• Management of nonseminoma testicular 癌症. EBSCO力学 网站. 可以在: http://www.dynamed.com/management/management-of-nonseminoma-testicular-Cancer Types.
• 精原细胞瘤的处理. EBSCO力学网站. 可用 at: http://www.dynamed.com/management/management-of-seminoma.
• 马志强，李志强，等. 睾丸癌. 版本2.2016. In: National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). 2016年2月NCCN网站报道
• 睾丸癌. EBSCO力学网站. 可以在: http://www.dynamed.com/condition/testicular-Cancer Types.
• 3/3/2011 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.dynamed.com/condition/testicular-Cancer Typesi: D, miss M. 睾丸癌筛查. Cochrane数据库系统. 2011;(2):CD007853.
• 12/14/2016 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.dynamed.com/condition/testicular-Cancer Types:雅各布JH; Aytekin O等人. American College of Radiology ACR Appropriateness Criteria. 暂存的 睾丸恶性肿瘤. 可在:http://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69375/Narrative.