舌癌

定义

舌癌 starts in cells of the tongue. Cancer cells grow out of control and form a tumor. They can invade and damage nearby tissue. 舌癌 happens most often in squamous or surface cells. It may be seen as a patch or lump in the tongue.

Cancer of the Tongue

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原因

Cancer occurs when cells grow and develop without control or order. It is not clear exactly what causes these cells to develop. A combination of genetics and environment probably play a role.

风险因素

舌癌 is more common in men. It can happen at any age but is most common in people aged 40 years and older. Other factors that may increase your chances of 舌癌 include:

• Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or a pipe
• Use of chewing tobacco, snuff, or other tobacco products
• Heavy alcohol consumption
• Poor oral and dental hygiene
• History of mouth ulcers
• Family history of head, neck, or oral 癌症s

症状

舌癌 may cause:

• A lesion, lump, or ulcer on the tongue
• Mouth sores and mouth pain
• Numbness or difficulty moving the tongue
• Pain when chewing and speaking
• Bleeding from the tongue
• Difficulty swallowing
• 语言的变化
• Ear pain—may be caused by large tumors on base of tongue

Changes may start in a part of the tongue that sits in the mouth or in the throat. Cancer that starts in the mouth may be easier to see. This may lead to an earlier diagnosis than those that develop in areas further back in the throat. In late stages, 癌症 can spread to other areas of the body.

诊断

舌癌 may first be spotted during a routine dental visit. The doctor may also see it in a physical exam.

The doctor may ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. A scope may be used to see areas further down the throat. A sample of the area may be removed for testing. 这个测试，叫做a 活组织检查, will confirm if 癌症 is present.

Images may need to be taken to see where tumors are. This can be done with:

• CT扫描
• x射线

The care team will use lab tests and images to determine the specific type and stage of 癌症 you have. Staging is used to guide your treatment plan. Like other 癌症s, 舌癌 is staged from 1 to 4. Stage 1 癌症 has not spread far. The higher the stage the further the 癌症 has spread. Stage 4 癌症 has spread to other parts of the body

治疗

舌癌 treatment may include one or more of the following:

• Surgery—to remove as much of the 癌症 as possible. Cancer that reaches nearby lymph nodes can spread to other areas of the body. Lymph nodes in the neck may be removed for testing or treatment.
• 化疗—medicine that targets fast growing cells like 癌症. The medicine travels throughout the body. 可以使用:
  • In combination with radiation, if surgery is not an option
  • After surgery to decrease risk of 癌症 coming back
  • To ease symptoms if tumor cannot be removed or cured
• Radiation therapy—beam of radiation is directed at tumor. It can destroy 癌症 cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may be used
  • 作为主要处理方法
  • In combination with chemotherapy
  • To ease symptoms caused by large tumors that cannot be removed or cured

Exact treatment will depend on the stage of the 癌症 and overall health.

康复 and 后续

Reconstructive surgery may be needed if large areas were removed. Therapy will also help to regain movement for speech and swallowing.

预防

To help reduce your chance of 舌癌:

• Do not smoke or use tobacco products. If you do smoke or use tobacco products, talk to your doctor about how you can 辞职.
• Drink alcohol in moderation. Moderate drinking is a maximum of 2 drinks per day for men and a maximum of 1 drink per day for women.

参考文献

• Head and neck 癌症. EBSCO DynaMed 网站. 可以在: http://www.dynamed.com/condition/head-and-neck-Cancer Types.
• Head and neck 癌症—for patients. National Cancer Institute 网站. 可以在: http://www.癌症.gov/types/head-and-neck.
• 舌癌. 癌症研究 UK 网站. 可以在: http://www.癌症researchuk.org/about-癌症/mouth-癌症/stages-types-grades/tongue-癌症.